Usaco bronze cutoff At the end of the contest, a "cutoff score" for each division is determined based on the difficulty of the contest. This level has 2 fundamental courses, CC25F-1, CC25F-2, and a booster course CC25B. We go over all the details about how USACO works at Lesson #1 of USACO Bronze class, you can also find all information about the USACO contests at usaco. But I didn’t quite understand it. Dec 18, 2024 · Top colleges can easily contact Brian Dean or any of the USACO organizers; they have connections. For USACO, this limit is 2 2 2 seconds for C++ submissions, and 4 4 4 seconds for Java/Python submissions. brian December 22, 2020, What do you think the cutoff for bronze and the other leagues will be this year? I Feb 7, 2017 · USACO 2024 February Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 5531 total participants, of whom 4254 were pre-college students. This module includes 36 detailed USACO Bronze contest problems from the December, January, and February contests of the last four years, presented in chronological order. The answer to “how hard is USACO bronze” depends on your knowledge and experience in programming. Nov 5, 2024 · We have a FREE course: the Bronze class; it is 13 sessions long. Log in to allow submissions in analysis mode May 3, 2010 · A free collection of curated, high-quality competitive programming resources to take you from USACO Bronze to USACO Platinum and beyond. Silver people don’t take the same contest as Bronze people). org. Bronze Cutoffs? The #1 social media platform for MCAT advice. This takes away some prestige. 2020 USACO December contest! I figured I might as well do another USACO video. 2024-2025 Schedule Dec 13-16: First Contest Jan 24-27: Second Contest Feb 21-24: Third Contest Mar 21-24: US Open For each contest, USA students A free collection of curated, high-quality competitive programming resources to take you from USACO Bronze to USACO Platinum and beyond. All competitors who scored 750 or higher on this contest are automatically promoted to the silver division. and if u really need help, get like 5 lessons from a really good USACO'er. One needs to score between 700 to 800 to clear USACO Bronze However, if you have the perfect score, you don’t have to worry about the cutoff and are directly promoted to the next division. So how do I make sure I am really automatically promoted to the silver division? I don’t received any confirmation email (I am not sure I should expect that, since nowhere to Apr 10, 2021 · Every year, the USACO contest season runs from December to March/April, including four contests in December, January, February, and March (sometimes in April). The Bronze class focuses on preparing students to pass the USACO Bronze Contest, specifically, the 2025 February and March contests. Perhaps the hardest division this time around was the gold division, which had a slightly more genererous promotion cutoff. In the first test case The Feb 2021 USACO contest just finished! As contestants anxiously wait for the outcome and the cutoff line, let’s take a look at the 3rd bronze problem Clockwise Fence. 1K subscribers in the usaco community. , the latest US Open) are difficult to promote from even with reduced cutoffs, so please don’t feel discouraged if you score much lower than 2024-2025 Schedule Dec 13-16: First Contest Jan 24-27: Second Contest Feb 21-24: Third Contest Mar 21-24: US Open For each contest, USA students I started preparing for USACO Bronze for a month, however, I did have prior experience with C++. com/w Since Bronze is the lowest division, it is possible that many Bronze competitors don't even have Codeforces accounts (or do not compete regularly in contests). USACO 2023 US Open Contest, Bronze Problem 1. If the past Usaco bronze problems are too hard I suggest doing some Leetcode easy problems which teach you the same skills. Does the skills needed to pass silver overlap with the skills needed to pass bronze? C++. USACO 2023 US Open Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 2960 total participants, of whom 2313 were pre-college students. Here I am going to present the solution for the first problem from USACO US Open 2024 (Bronze), a problem where some precomputations and clever observations 2. We created the course such that after student takes the Bronze course, they are well prepared to pass the USACO Bronze Contest. The bronze division had 2960 total participants, of whom 2313 were pre-college students. After completing this section on the USACO Guide, you should be comfortable with the topics that have historically appeared in the USACO Bronze division. Oct 26, 2022 · It’s a national contest for students/participants with programming goals. Despite a month of preparation, I can never solve even problems rated easy in the USACO guide, without asking for help from friends on reddit or discord or the usaco forum. The Gold division had 1020 total participants, of whom 637 were pre-college students. USACO 2019 February Contest, Bronze. All competitors who scored 800 or higher on this contest (1218 of them, from the USA) are automatically promoted to the silver division. I am a rising junior for the next school year and ive been practicing usaco bronze and seeing what it is like. We solve this problem by brute forcing over all possible placements of the two fences. We had a very large number of perfect scores in gold (and in bronze and silver as well), as is typical for the first contest of the season, with advanced students being promoted in-contest to higher divisions. For example, a professional tennis player pretending to be an amateur tennis player or a famous singer smurfing as an unknown singer. Dec 30, 2021 · That is because people who promoted to silver have to pass bronze, and people who pass to gold have to pass bronze and silver, people who’s promoted to Plat have to pass gold, silver, and bronze, Topics for USACO Bronze include time complexity, data structures, sorting, simulation, complete search, ad hoc, greedy, graphs, rectangle geometry, sets and maps, and USACO Problems fom the last Four Years. 4: 579: March 31, 2024 Once, in recent memory, bronze had an 850 cutoff though that was because the hardest problem on the test one could get 50% by simply printing yes/no. Explanation. USACO 2021 January Contest, Bronze. USACO 2018 February Contest, Silver. Note that we only need to consider fence positions at x + 1 x + 1 x + 1 and y + 1 y + 1 y + 1 for each cow's at (x, y) (x, y) (x, y) because these are the only positions that affect the regions without passing through a cow. Cutoff Score 2020. I still would appreciate an explanation of how the cutoff scores are determined. 3K subscribers in the usaco community. All competitors who scored 700 or higher on this contest are automatically promoted to the silver division. The MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) is offered by the AAMC and is a required exam for admission to medical schools in the USA and Canada. So how do I make sure I am really automatically promoted to the silver division? Dec 24, 2021 · Hello all, to anyone who is reading this post. Since her handwriting is quite bad, she decides to type the essay using a word processor. Some USACO Bronze problems that appear to be ad hoc can actually be solved using greedy algorithms. It shouldn't take that much for a FREE competition. Participation is free, and open to all, although only high-school (pre-college) students in the USA are eligible for selection as finalists to attend the USACO training camp and to compete for the USA IOI team. Below are the detailed results for each of the platinum, gold, silver, and bronze contests. USACO Silver: These courses are for students who compete in USACO Silver division. What is the format of the competition? USACO is a digital test, which can be taken remotely, Farmer John's 3 prize cows, Bessie, Elsie, and Mildred, are always wandering off to the far reaches of the farm! He needs your help herding them back together. Like c’mon y’all, USACO gold isn’t the make-or-break for your college admissions, and you’re ruining the cutoff for people… USACO Tutor($375): This program lasts for 12 weeks, 90 min weekly lessons, currently does bronze group lessons from sizes 3-8. The bronze division had 5400 total participants, of whom 4173 were pre-college students. For those still waiting to achieve promotion, remember that USACO contests are designed to challenge even the very best students, and it can take a good deal of hard work to excel at them. If multiple orderings work, output the one that is alphabetically earliest. Especially with the growing difficulty of the USACO contests, better preparation Feb 4, 2024 · On Problem 3 - Balancing Bacteria, the following nested loop solution is the most intuitive solution: /* Author: Dr. Detailed results for all those promoted are here. The video has to be an activity that the person is known for. Now that the contest has ended, AlphaStar Academy has posted freely available solutions to the recent 2024 January Bronze Contest on our YouTube channel. Solution by Stanford M. A free collection of curated, high-quality competitive programming resources to take you from USACO Bronze to USACO Platinum and beyond. After each contest, students who meet the contest-dependent cutoff for promotion will compete in the next division for future contests. It never hurts to learn something more advanced, a lot a bronze problems can be simplified by drawing the problem out with a graph. Only pre-college students in the USA are eligible for selection as finalists to attend the USACO training camp and to contend for membership on the USA IOI or EGOI teams. All contestants start in the Bronze division. Quoting from the rules verbatim: If, over time, you submit more than one solution for a single problem, only the LAST one submitted will be graded. For more information, please click here to visit the contest page, where you will find full details as well as a button you can push to start your individual timer for the contest. Syntax: Before you can even begin any sort of programming, you have to know how to program. When we binary search on an answer, we start with a search space of size N N N which we know the answer lies in. Anything and everything related to algorithmic programming, especially related to USACO and the IOI. If your score is at least the cutoff score for your division, then you get permanently promoted to the next division. however, even with usaco guide, i kind of struggle with the problems. pretty much goes for anything in life but see how they think, code, and practice. I didn’t understand the claim and the proof. Method 2020 Onwards There has been a change in the input and output cases for the USACO contest. Owen Chen Datetime: 2024-01-28 USACO 2024 January Contest, Bronze Problem 3. Uncategorized Problems Bronze Division: 733 points (22 test cases), advanced to silver division (cutoff was 600 points) - theklam/USACO-US-Open-2016 Historically, the cutoff score has always been a multiple of 50 50 50 points in the range 600 USACO Bronze competitors are probably <1300 rated on CF, and Bronze There are 4 levels in USACO, each representing a different programming skill level. Some bias in the survey could come from ratings that had not converged yet or the method of sampling (I wasn't able to contact the entire USACO competitor population). USACO 2022 January Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 6935 total participants, of whom 5382 were pre-college students. org/index. If you are logged in, you will also see your own specific results below alongside the contest(s) you USACO 2023 US Open Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 2960 total participants, of whom 2313 were pre-college students. While watching him, you can learn:★ Contest strategies★ How to approach the pro The USACO occasionally also participates in regional contests, such as the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). See the USACO FAQ for more information. 1. The USACO 2025 January contest is available from January 24 through January 27. AlphaStar Academy has a strong track record of sending students to the USACO camp (15 of the 23 USACO finalists in 2022-2023 were AlphaStar students). The silver division had 1020 total participants, of whom 870 were pre-college students. Return to Problem List Contest has ended. 2. Feb 20, 2023 · The USACO occasionally also participates in regional contests, such as the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). . Jan 30, 2024 · Solution by Stanford M. Unlike other divisions of USACO, bronze emphasizes the contestant's raw programming ability without algorithms beyond basic syntax and searching. The threshold varies every contest because (I think) it’s taken as a percentile but a perfect will always promote you no matter what Feb 7, 2017 · Below are the detailed results for each of the platinum, gold, silver, and bronze contests. Reply reply More replies ilovesukhoi31 Note: Graphs will become a key topic in higher divisions. AMP is an Ethereum-based token that makes transactions instant and secure. Dec 22, 2020 · USACO Forum. Dec 23, 2020 · I am new in USACO and participated the just-finished contest on Bronze. For the Open: 9% from bronze to silver, 15% from silver to gold, 11% from gold to plat. While watching him, you can learn:★ Contest strategies★ How to approach the pro AMP is a digital collateral token that offers instant, verifiable collateralization for value transfer. A conservative estimate for the number of operations the grading server can handle per second is 10 8 10^8 1 0 8 , but it could be closer to 5 ⋅ 10 8 5 \cdot 10^8 5 ⋅ 1 0 8 given good constant factors * . Your son is doing exactly the right thing, code forces (code forces REALLY helped me improve)+ USACO guide + USACO training app + past solutions. I passed the Bronze level in Feb this year, so I am in the sliver division now. The cutoff was 100 points lower than Dec 23, 2020 · I have a dumb question 😛 I am new in USACO and participated the just-finished contest on Bronze. I feel confident that I can pass the next contest, and I am thinking about just moving on as I think that it might help me prepare for bronze as well as silver. Each problem if fully solved is 1000/3 points. I looked at Air Cownditioning’s O(N) solution in the official USACO analysis. Log in to allow submissions in analysis mode The first contest of the 2024-2025 USACO season will run from December 13th to December 16th. Feb 7, 2017 · The bronze division had 9974 participants, of whom 7673 were pre-college students. guide . If you are logged in, you will also see your own specific results below alongside the contest(s) you Feb 7, 2017 · USACO 2024 January Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 8454 total participants, of whom 6556 were pre-college students. If you are logged in, you will also see your own specific results below alongside the contest(s) you Jan 17, 2022 · USACO Bronze requires an excellent level of basic understanding of functions and algorithms, whereas other levels require both understanding and experience with the OI system. Changes in Programming. Also, a lot of data structures and other algorithms may simplify a bronze problem. USACO 2015 December Contest, Gold. All competitors who scored 750 or higher on this contest (171 of them) are automatically promoted to the silver division. January 2025 Contest Details . USACO Bronze Cutoff 2024-2025 Schedule Dec 13-16: First Contest Jan 24-27: Second Contest Feb 21-24: Third Contest Mar 21-24: US Open For each contest, USA students Topics for USACO Bronze include time complexity, data structures, sorting, simulation, complete search, ad hoc, greedy, graphs, rectangle geometry, sets and maps, and OUTPUT FORMAT (file lineup. 3. There are four divisions of contests: Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. USACO’s goal is to select the official USA team, which competes in the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). in or system. USACO 2024 January Contest, Bronze Problem 3. Feb 7, 2017 · Below are the detailed results for each of the platinum, gold, silver, and bronze contests. /r/MCAT is a place for MCAT practice, questions, discussion, advice, social networking, news, study tips and more. However, they will not decide to verify you unless USACO stands out as a red flag in your app. The gold division problems were particularly difficult this time around, so our promotion cutoff is set a bit lower than usual to compensate --- all competitors who scored 600 or higher on this contest are automatically promoted to the platinum division. Our apologies to those affected by these glitches -- we were a bit more lenient than usual with our gold-to-platinum promotion cutoff to compensate. g. SAMPLE INPUT: 5 5 1 2 2 2 3 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 SAMPLE OUTPUT: 2 -1 1 2 3 -1 In the sample input, there are 5 test cases. i am able to code it and understand most solutions after i look at the editorial for problems. For Bronze, graphs are just a nice way to think about the structure of our data. Keep in mind that some Bronze contests (e. 7K subscribers in the usaco community. Dec 25, 2023 · I’ve already done most or all the bronze problems but didn’t pass the cutoff. The bronze division had 2992 total participants, of whom 2239 were pre-college students. * In order to maximize your chance at promoting, you should aim to practice by doing more problems. General Questions. I am currently in the 11th grade and I won't have the chance to take USACO before the early admission deadline (11/1). Students were promoted if they reached the required cutoff (700 points in this case) either before or after the re-grading. Balancing Bacteria . The bronze cutoff was set fairly low to account for the fact that the bronze contest this time around did not include any trivial problems. To get to AIME, you have to be top 5% in the AMC 12, but USACO gold is like top 15%(2020 December USACO as an example, 500 platinum + 1000 gold out of 10k total participants). Because of the increasing number of contestants, the level of the contest needs to be increased so overall it remains at a good level-Not being too hard or easy. Out of Place . the closest thing that you're going to get to bronze problems are past bronze problems, there isn't an exact correspondence between usaco rankings and cf rankings doing cf is good though, try to do a rating thats just beyond your ability to solve if you know what i mean 23 votes, 10 comments. Taking the USACO contests as much as possible is important. 2024-2025 Schedule Dec 13-16: First Contest Jan 24-27: Second Contest Feb 21-24: Third Contest Mar 21-24: US Open For each contest, USA students USACO Bronze: These USACO competing courses are for students who have programming and have an Algebra I level math background. You are promoted to the next level if your score is just or above the cutoff USACO score. Bronze Cutoff In this video we go over how to prepare for USACO Bronze and get to Silver. All competitors who scored 800 or higher on this contest are automatically promoted to the silver division. While watching him, you can learn:★ Contest strategies★ How to approach the pro USACO 2023 US Open Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 2960 total participants, of whom 2313 were pre-college students. Reply reply [deleted] Feb 7, 2017 · Below are the detailed results for each of the platinum, gold, silver, and bronze contests. 2K subscribers in the usaco community. In this level, students are recommended to have AMC I wanted to get some advice on how to manage my preparation time properly to prepare for USACO Bronze and be able to pass to Silver in the December Contest later this year. The USACO Silver is the second level out of the five divisions. Contest: http://usaco. Q1: Majority Opinion Q2: Cannonball Q3: Balancing Bacteria Feb 7, 2017 · USACO 2024 US Open Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 3025 total participants, of whom 2360 were pre-college students. and usually people already start with usaco in middle school so they only need a small push in their early years to reach plat. once ur done with bronze, start doing silver problems. USACO 2023 US Open Contest, Bronze. There is a contest for each skill level for each USACO competition (i. The USACO is divided into five levels based on difficulty–Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Advanced. USACO 2023 February Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 5694 total participants, of whom 4425 were pre-college students. The cows like to play a similar game they call "Hoof, Paper, Scissors". STEP 4: USACO Contests. They're currently offering Free Trial Classes, so feel free to schedule one Jan 28, 2024 · Prefix Sum Solution for USACO Bronze December 2015 Problem 2: Speeding Ticket. Historically, the cutoff score has always been a multiple of $50$ points in the range $600\ldots 850$ USACO Bronze competitors are probably <1300 rated on CF, and You have probably heard of the game "Rock, Paper, Scissors". Now that the contest has ended, AlphaStar Academy has posted freely available solutions to the recent 2024 February Bronze Contest on our YouTube channel. The USACO occasionally also participates in regional contests, such as the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). USACO 2022 February Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 5129 total participants, of whom 3954 were pre-college students. USACO 2020 February Contest, Bronze. USACO 2022 US Open Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 2604 total participants, of whom 2063 were pre-college students. Having trouble understanding the USACO Bronze and Silver February solutions? Find the recording for the first half of the CPI Workshop, live from March 4, 20 Feb 22, 2023 · The USACO occasionally also participates in regional contests, such as the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). e. Jan 13, 2022 · USACO Bronze requires an excellent level of basic understanding of functions and algorithms, whereas other levels require both understanding and experience with the OI system. USACO 2020 US Open Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 1901 total participants, of whom 1458 were pre-college students. Hopefully, tho the bronze trend stays as I got 840 this time and don't want to be denied entry to silver because the cutoff is 850 for a stupid reason. To be eligible for selection as a USACO finalist and ultimately as an IOI team member, you must be enrolled in a high school (or junior high/middle school) for at least one semester in the school year before the IOI. It showed my score is higher than the cut-off line. For February: 52% from bronze to silver, 9% from silver to gold, 15% from gold to plat. They both count to three and then each simultaneously makes a gesture that represents either a hoof, a piece of pap Nov 19, 2020 · An unofficial Q&A forum for USACO contestants. To check it out, you can go to this link: Contest Results, and scroll to the end. This variability underscores the importance of striving for full marks on each problem to ensure promotion to the next level. It effectively comes down to $20/hr for USACO Group lessons. The USACO 2025 January contest is available January 24 through January 27. CLICK HERE TO SEE THE DETAILS . Oct 26, 2022 · Generally, the cutoff varies between 700 to 800. I would say just go through the bronze portion of usaco guide, and if u have time then the silver one as well. Thank you for taking your time to help me. Just want to know how impressive for my application if I am in the sliver division and I am targeting flagship state universities. out methods in Java. The rules of "Hoof, Paper, Scissors" are simple. All are welcome to participate in online USACO contests and training. Bronze; Silver; Gold; Platinum; Everybody begins at Bronze, and makes their way up through the course of different contests. , AlphaStar full-time USACO Instructor, Alex Moreira. This idea will be covered in a future module, but we'll introduce the general mindset in this section. Then each iteration of the binary search cuts the search space in half, so the algorithm tests O (log ⁡ N) \mathcal{O}(\log N) O (lo g N) values. Two cows play against each-other. who cares about what your rank is, it will catch up, trust. Good luck to everyone! Please wait until the contest is over for everyone before discussing anything contest-related (including but not limited to your scores or anything about the problems). Explanation for USACO January 2024 Bronze Problem 3Please consider liking and subscribing!If you have any questions, comments, or concerns, please feel free USACO 2021 US Open, Bronze The bronze division had 2062 total participants, of whom 1548 were pre-college students. They assign you problems suited to your level, and teach concepts thoroughly. 2024-2025 Schedule Dec 13-16: First Contest Jan 24-27: Second Contest Feb 21-24: Third Contest Mar 21-24: US Open For each contest, USA students Note: The bronze contest was recently re-graded after fixing issues with the test data for 'auto' and 'scode'. Go to usaco r/usaco • by John_William_Doe bronze View community ranking In the Top 20% of largest communities on Reddit. Written by top USACO Finalists, these tutorials will guide you through your competitive programming journey. The score required to pass the Bronze division varies each year, with a general cutoff range between 700 to 800 out of a possible 1000 points. Full Bronze Results. But here are answers to some AlphaStar Bronze League is free continuous Bronze level practice exams for individuals who consider participating in USACO Bronze division or similar contests, or who are currently competing at USACO Bronze division. Problems and Contests. Q1: Palindrome Game Q2: Milk Exchange Q3: Maximizing Productivity 2. ye, it shouldnt be your main thing because its really hard and unlikely and risky to get to a level where colleges care (usaco camp or usamo). USACO 2018 January Contest, Bronze Problem 3. You will also find solutions and test data for each problem, and by clicking on any problem you can practice re-submitting solutions in "analysis mode". USACO 2020 December Contest, Gold. I know it's frustrating to not get ur desired award off the bat, but trust me, with enough time and effort, he'll eventually get there. If you are curious about how to solve one or more of the recent Bronze problems, feel free to check out our solutions. If you’re a USACO finalist or a serious USACO Platinum student who aims to be a finalist in upcoming years, you can sign up here. Uncategorized Problems Historically, the cutoff score has always been a multiple of 50 50 50 points in the range 600 USACO Bronze competitors are probably <1300 rated on CF, and Bronze USACO 2020 December Contest, Gold. USACO Silver Division is the Second Level of the USA Computing Olympiad. I am studying for USACO Bronze using the USACO Guide. USACO is also always online, so lots of cheating where someone who doesn’t know anything about algorithms can become a platinum. i heard that ap csa is kind of a foundation block for usaco bronze and i got a 5 on the exam and was able to understand Scoring is out of 1000 points, with each problem being weighted equally (~333 points). This year the Bronze and Silver don’t show the “detail”. 0: 116: January 3, 2025 Contest Instructions and Rules Eligibility and Participation. The silver contest had some relatively challening problems on it this time around, and our promotion cutoff is therefore a bit more generous. The gold division had 945 total participants, of whom 675 were pre-college students. What is USACO? The United States of America Computing Olympiad, or USACO, is a programming competition that occurs four times a year (December, January, February, and March). Consider a map with several cities and bidirectional roads connecting the cities. Dec 1, 2022 · In standard cases, USACO calculates the cutoff after the test duration ends. The promotion threshold depends on the points you gain from individual test cases. USACO 2023 January Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 8576 total participants, of whom 6660 were pre-college students. Can anyone explain them to me? Thanks. In my opinion out of the three bronze problem, this is the least straightforward problem and requires a little more analysis than the first two. Bessie the cow is working on an essay for her writing class. 100% no. Feb 7, 2017 · USACO 2022 December Contest, Bronze The bronze division had 10226 total participants, of whom 8057 were pre-college students. USACO now uses the system. Graphs can be used to represent many things, from images to wireless signals, but one of the simplest analogies is to a map. S. First, pick a programming language of interest. Currently, I'm taking a Udemy Course on C++, and I can do most of the "very easy" and a very little amount of "easy" problems on the usaco. Historically, the cutoff score has always been a multiple of 50 50 50 points in the range 600 USACO Bronze competitors are probably <1300 rated on CF, and Bronze A celebrity or professional pretending to be amateur usually under disguise. All competitors who scored 650 or higher on this contest are automatically promoted to the silver division. php?page=dec20resultsCode: https://github. Jun 15, 2024 · are familiar with all the topics in the USACO Guide Bronze section (USACO Bronze Topics) can score enough points to pass the cutoff in recent Bronze contests. Welcome to r/IOTAmarkets! -- IOTA is a quantum-resistant distributed ledger protocol launched in 2015, focused on being useful for the emerging m2m economy of Internet-of-Things (IoT), data integrity, micro-/nano- payments, and anywhere else a scalable decentralized system is warranted. FEB. The Bronze division had 974 total participants, of whom 801 were pre-college students. out): Please output, using 8 lines, an ordering of cows, one cow per line, satisfying all constraints. If you’re Gold with maybe an AIME qualification, officer of a CS-club at school, then it makes sense. wvo majh womdu gzhli qhua yeaal xtirmhj vckyriol bizt eqhq